分子印迹膜的制备研究进展

将分子印迹技术与膜分离技术相结合的分子印迹膜,由于其高选择性,近年来受到了国内外研究者的广泛关注.本文初步探讨了分子印迹膜(MIM) 的两种分离机理以及目前主要的制备方法:同步法和复合法.     

Binding Aedes aegypti densonucleosis virus to ion exchange membranes

Experimental and numerical results for binding Aedes aegypti densonucleosis virus (AeDNV) using anion and cation exchange membranes are presented. AeDNV particles are adsorbed by anion and cation exchange membranes providing the virus particles and membranes are oppositely charged. Q membranes which are strongly basic anion exchangers were the most effective. Dynamic and static capacities for Q membranes were found to be similar. A numerical model is proposed which assumes a log normal pore size distribution. By estimating the required parameters from static binding experiments, the model may be used to calculate the breakthrough curve for virus adsorption.     

非含氟型磺化聚合物质子交换膜材料的研究进展(下)

概述了近十年来非含氟型磺化聚合物质子交换膜材料的研究进展,包括各种材料的制备和性质,详细地讨论了材料的化学结构、形态与其性能(质子导电率、耐水性、尺寸稳定性、吸水率、抗自由基氧化性、甲醇透过率等)之间的关系,其中结合作者在磺化聚酰亚胺方面的研究工作,重点对这类材料进行了系统、深入的介绍和讨论.最后,本文还对今后燃料电池用质子交换膜材料的研究提出了一些设想和展望.本文分为上下两篇,其中下篇主要综述了非含氟型磺化聚合物的性能与结构形态之间的关系.     

Solid phase extraction of gold by sorption on octadecyl silica membrane disks modified with pentathia-15-crown-5 and determination by AAS

A simple and selective method for rapid and efficient concentration and determination of μg l⁻¹ levels of Au(III) ions in aqueous solution using octadecyl silica membrane disks modified by pentathia-15-crown-5 and flame atomic absorption spectrometry is presented. The influence of flow rates of eluent and sample solution, amount of ligand, types and least amount of eluent for elution of Au from disks were investigated. Break through volume and limit of detection of the membrane disks modified by 5 mg of the thiacrown ether was found to be 2.0 l and 1.0 μg l⁻¹, respectively. The effects of various cationic interferences on percent recovery of gold were studied. The method was successfully applied for the determinations of gold in some pharmaceutical samples and for the recovery of trace Au³⁺ ions from synthetic and water samples.     

稀土化合物Ho2Co14Fe3的磁性分析

在分析稀土磁性常用的哈密顿中，引入了自旋－自旋偶极作用，用参数拟合的方法对Ｈｏ２Ｃｏ１４Ｆｅ３的磁化曲线进行了分析，计算结果与实验数据符合得很好，并且提示了Ｈｏ２Ｃｏ１４Ｆｅ３磁矩的突变现象。     

State-of-the-art of membrane bioreactors: Worldwide research and commercial applications in North America

Membrane bioreactor (MBR) technology is advancing rapidly around the world both in research and commercial applications. Despite the increasing number of studies and full-scale applications of MBR systems, directions and trends in academic research as well as commercial developments require further analysis. This paper aims to critically characterize and review worldwide academic research efforts in the area of MBRs as well as focus attention to commercial MBR applications in North America. A total of 339 research papers published in peer-reviewed international journals from 1991 to 2004 and a total of 258 full-scale MBR installations in North America were used as the database for the analysis provided in this paper. After a surge of MBR publications in 2002, research appears to have reached a plateau in the last 3 years using both submerged and external MBR units. Although much of the pioneering research occurred in Japan, France and the UK, countries such as South Korea, China and Germany have significantly contributed to the research pool in the last 5 years. The primary research focus has been on water filtration MBRs with limited growth in extractive and gas diffusion MBRs which still hold un-tapped potential. Fundamental aspects studied in academic research predominantly involve issues related to fouling, microbial characterization and optimizing operational performance. Research in North America presents a unique picture as a higher ratio of industrial wastewater treatment and side-stream MBR applications have been studied compared to other parts of the world. For MBR commercial application, the North America installations constitute about 11% of worldwide installations. Zenon occupies the majority of the MBR market in North America, whereas Kubota and Mitsubishi-Rayon have a larger number of installations in other parts of the world. Due to more stringent regulations and water reuse strategies, it is expected that a significant increase in MBR plant capacity and widening of application areas will occur in the future. Potential application areas include nitrate removal in drinking water treatment, removal of endocrine disrupting compounds from water and wastewater streams, enhancing bio-fuels production via membrane assisted fermentation and gas extraction and purification MBRs.     

The structure and electrochemical characteristics of La0.67Mg0.33 (Ni0.8Co0.1Mn0.1) x (x=2.5–5.0) multiphase alloys for nickel-metal hydride batteries

This paper presents results concerning structure and electrochemical characteristics of the La_0.67Mg_0.33 (Ni_0.8Co_0.1Mn_0.1) _x (x=2.5–5.0) alloy. It can be found from the result of the Rietveld analyses that the structures of the alloys change obviously with increasing x from 2.5 to 5.0. The main phase of the alloys with x=2.5–3.5 is LaMg₂Ni₉ phase with a PuNi₃-type rhombohedral structure, but the main phase of the alloys with x=4.0–5.0 is LaNi₅phase with a CaCu₅-type hexagonal structure. Furthermore, the phase ratio, lattice parameter and cell volume of the LaMg₂Ni₉phase and the LaNi₅ phase change with increasing x. The electrochemical studies show that the maximum discharge capacity increases from 214.7 mAh/g (x=2.5) to 391.1 mAh/g (x=3.5) and then decreases to 238.5 mAh/g (x=5.0). As the discharge current density is 1,200 mA/g, the high rate dischargeability (HRD) increases from 51.1% (x=2.5) to 83.7% (x=3.5) and then decreases to 71.6% (x=5.0). Moreover, the exchange current density (I ₀) of the alloy electrodes first increases and then decrease with increasing x from 2.5 to 5.0, which is consistent with the variation of the HRD. The cell volume reduces with increasing x in the alloys, which is detrimental to hydrogen diffusion and accordingly decreases the low-temperature dischargeability of the alloy electrodes.     

Electrospinning of nylon-6,66,1010 terpolymer

Ultrafine nylon fibers were prepared by electrospinning of nylon-6,66,1010 terpolymer solution in 2,2,2-trifluoroethanol (TFE). The morphology, crystallinity and mechanical properties of the electrospun nylon-6,66,1010 fibers were investigated by scanning electron microscope (SEM), differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), wide angle X-ray diffraction (WAXD) and tensile test. The effects of electrospun process parameters such as solution concentration, voltage and tip-to-collector distance on the morphology and the average size of the electrospun fibers were also studied. The results show that the spinnable concentration of nylon-6,66,1010/TFE solution is in the range of 6-14 wt%, and higher solution concentration favors the formation of uniform fibers without beads. The diameters of the electrospun fibers increase with increasing the solution concentration and decrease slightly with increasing the voltage and needle tip-to-collector distance. But no obvious morphology changes were found with the increase of the voltage and collection distance. DSC and WAXD results suggest that the electrospun nylon-6,66,1010 membranes have lower crystallinity than those of the corresponding casting films. The electrospun nylon-6,66,1010 membrane obtained from the 14 wt% concentration exhibits the largest tensile strength and elongation at break.     

Morphology and transport properties of protons and methanol through partially sulfonated block copolymers

The morphological changes with different compositions of casting solvents in the membranes of sulfonated polystyrene-block-poly(ethylene-ran-butylene)-block-polystyrene (SEBS) were investigated with small-angle X-ray scattering (SAXS) and transmission electron microscope (TEM). Using the single solvent of tetrahydrofuran (THF) and the solvent mixtures of methanol/THF with different compositions, the casting polymer solutions were prepared for the membrane fabrication. The proton conductivity and the methanol permeability of membranes were measured, and the effect of morphological changes on the casting solvents was discussed through Flory–Huggins theory. It was found that the sulfonated SEBS membranes were transformed from well ordered lamellar to disordered co-continuous structure and the morphological difference caused abrupt enhancement in the proton conductivity and the methanol permeability as the concentration of methanol in the mixed solvents (MeOH/THF) increased.     

Effect of tetrahydrofuran on the conductance and ion-pairing of hydrogen chloride in wet and dry methanol mixtures

The molar conductance of dilute solutions of HCl in wet (68.5% methanol + 31.5% tetrahydrofurane mixtures at 25°C have been measured. The data were analyzed using the Fuoss-Hsia equation to calculate the infinite dilution molar conductances and association constants. The trend of the limiting conductances in these mixtures as a function of the water content shows, once more, the peculiar minimum due to the anomalous proton conductance mechanism. From these data the limiting molar conductance in the anhydrous binary solvent system was evaluated. The percentage excess proton mobility with respect to potassium ion has also been determined. All these data are compared to those found in a binary isodielectric methanol mixture containing as cosolvent 1,4-dioxane. This comparison shows that proton mobilities are very similar in both solvent mixtures. The dielectric constants, refractive indices, viscosities and densities of the methanol-tetrahydrofuran mixtures in the whole mole fraction range have been measured and are reported. An analysis of the excess molar volumes and viscosities shows a slight deviation of this system from ideality.